Stomach and Intestinal Cancers: Aetiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options

Stomach and intestinal cancers, encompassing malignancies of the stomach (gastric cancer) and various parts of the intestines (small and large bowel cancers), are significant health concerns worldwide. These cancers can be complex to diagnose and treat, requiring a comprehensive understanding of their aetiology, diagnostic processes, and available treatment options. This article provides an in-depth look at these cancers, aimed at increasing awareness and guiding patients and healthcare professionals in their journey.

Aetiology of Stomach and Intestinal Cancers

• Genetic Factors
  Both stomach and intestinal cancers can be influenced by genetic predispositions. For instance, mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, commonly associated with breast and ovarian cancers, have also been linked to gastrointestinal cancers. Hereditary syndromes like Lynch syndrome and Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) increase the risk of colorectal cancer.
  
• Environmental and Lifestyle Factors
  Diet plays a critical role in the development of these cancers. High consumption of processed foods, red meats, and salt-preserved foods has been associated with increased risk. Conversely, a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains may reduce risk. Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption are also significant risk factors for both stomach and intestinal cancers.
  
• Chronic Conditions and Infections
  Chronic infections, such as Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in the stomach, are known to contribute to stomach cancer. Conditions like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis increase the risk of intestinal cancer, particularly colorectal cancer.

Diagnosis of Stomach and Intestinal Cancers

• Symptoms: Early-stage stomach and intestinal cancers often present with vague symptoms, such as abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits. More advanced cases might show symptoms like unexplained weight loss, persistent nausea, or blood in stools.
  
• Screening and Tests: Regular screening is crucial for early detection, especially in individuals with a family history or known risk factors. Diagnostic procedures include:
  1. Endoscopy: For stomach cancer, an upper endoscopy allows doctors to view the stomach lining and take biopsies. For intestinal cancers, a colonoscopy enables examination of the colon and rectum.
     
  2. Imaging: Techniques such as CT scans, MRI, and PET scans help in assessing the extent of cancer spread.
     
  3. Biopsy: A tissue sample from the affected area is examined microscopically to confirm cancer diagnosis and determine its type and grade.

Treatment Options for Stomach and Intestinal Cancers

➽ Surgery: Surgical intervention is often the primary treatment for localised cancers. Procedures may involve partial or total removal of the stomach (gastrectomy) or sections of the intestines (resection). The goal is to eliminate the cancerous tissue while preserving as much healthy tissue as possible.

➽ Chemotherapy: This treatment uses drugs to kill or inhibit the growth of cancer cells. It is often employed when the cancer is advanced or has metastasized. Chemotherapy can be administered before surgery (neoadjuvant therapy) to shrink tumours or after surgery (adjuvant therapy) to eliminate remaining cancer cells.

➽ Radiation Therapy: This approach uses high-energy rays to target and destroy cancer cells. It is less commonly used for stomach cancer treatment in Jalandhar but may be utilised for certain cases of intestinal cancer, particularly when the cancer has spread to nearby tissues.

➽ Targeted Therapy: This newer form of treatment targets specific molecules involved in cancer cell growth and survival. For example, trastuzumab is used for stomach cancers that overexpress the HER2 protein.

➽ Immunotherapy: This treatment boosts the body’s immune system to fight cancer more effectively. It is an emerging option for certain types of stomach and intestinal cancers, particularly those with specific genetic markers.

Conclusion

Stomach and intestinal cancers present significant challenges, but advancements in understanding their aetiology, improving diagnostic techniques, and expanding treatment options, Dr. Amit Singhal at Premier Gastroenterology Institute, offers hope for better outcomes. Early detection through regular screening and a comprehensive approach to treatment can significantly improve prognosis and quality of life for patients. Awareness and education are crucial in the fight against these cancers, enabling individuals to take proactive steps towards prevention and early intervention. For more information or to schedule a consultation, please contact us at +9187250 64663.